Buddhism Speech Essay - 852 Words

Today I am giving an informative speech on Buddhism. Now, informative is the key word here. I just want to reasure everyone that I am simply going to explain some of the philosophy of Buddhism. I am not, however, trying to sway your beliefs or views on life in ANY way. Instead, Im going to share with you some of the basic things that I know, and however you choose to use the information, if at all, is totally up to you. In fact, one of the strongest beliefs of a Buddhist, is that their way of life is NEVER forced on anyone. To shove it down someones throught would contradict almost everything the Buddha had to say. To start, I want to clear up some simple, misinterpretations that some of you may or may not have made, probobly†¦show more content†¦In a nut shell, this means for all the things you do or intend to do, that are considered harmful to others, karma will balance it out in this or other lifetimes. This is also known as reincanation. Once fully enlightened (however many lifetimes it takes for karma to balance), one is liberated from rebirths, reaching a state of selflessness, resulting in an untimate bliss (what Buddhists call Nirvana) and one becomes Buddha, or one with Buddha. Some Buddhists, especially modern western, dont emphasize or believe in rebirth. People have free will to commit wrongs or rights. Evil doing may result when egoism, cravings, attachments, and ignorance are expressed as greed, hatred, and violence, which, if not realized, results in rebirth. For a Buddhist, Enlightenment is an individual journey to Nirvana (or complete bliss)--liberation from suffering and cycles of rebirth. This is achieved by what Buddhists call the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path. To eliminate karma, which causes rebirth, a person must extinguish the belief of the ego or self which create cravings, desires, and attachments. The path to enlightenment includes loving-kindness and compassion, moral conduct, clarity, wisdom, and meditation. An Unenlightened life is considered suffering, and getting rid of this suffering is the primary goal of Buddhism--to reach Nirvana, and to end cycles of rebirth. Suffering is a result of past-life greed, hatred, andShow MoreRelated Buddhism Speech Essay825 Words   |  4 Pages Today I am giving an informative speech on Buddhism. Now, quot;informativequot; is the key word here. I just want to reasure everyone that I am simply going to explain some of the philosophy of Buddhism. I am not, however, trying to sway your beliefs or views on life in ANY way. Instead, Im going to share with you some of the basic things that I know, and however you choose to use the information, if at all, is totally up to you. In fact, one of the strongest beliefs of a Buddhist, is that theirRead MoreBuddhism(Informative Speech)958 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Outline Topic: The Buddhism General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about some main beliefs of one of the most popular religions, the Buddhism. Thesis: From Buddhism to any individual, the Buddhism and Buddhist beliefs become one of the most influential religions in the world. i. Introduction A. Attention Getter: â€Å"God said, let there be light: and there was light.† For Christians, Jesus is their only God. However, as the founder of another famousRead MoreThe Impact Of Theravada Buddhism On Myanmar1288 Words   |  6 PagesTheravada Buddhism is one of two major sects of Buddhism and is practiced primarily in Southeast Asia. Its practice began in Sri Lanka and spread to Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia, and has influence in the West today. In the eleventh century C.E., King Anawratha established The Myanmas kingdom, it was at this time that he converted to Theravada Buddhism, despite a large Tantric Buddhist population in the kingdom. From then on, Myanmar has been known as a Theravada Buddhist country. As with most religionsRead More Siddhartha the Life of a Prophet Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism was brought to light about 500 BC by Siddhartha Gautama. Buddhism has not been described as a religion as such but rather as philosophy. The story of Siddhar tha Gautama and how he brought Buddhism to limelight is quite moving. In this essay the thoughts of Siddhartha Gautama are explained and how the society reacted to his arguments. Generally this essay will briefly describe the achievements of Siddhartha Gautama in his quest to attain enlightenment and how that impacted the society ofRead MoreA path to spiritual discovery903 Words   |  4 PagesAs Madhu Bazaz Wangu indicates, Buddhism is a path to spiritual discovery (8). Being Buddhism, a non-theistic religion, their disciples follow the monotheistic doctrine demonstrating they believe in only one deity. Siddhartha Gautama, mostly known as Buddha––the enlightened––, is the one deity Buddhists believe in. As Wangu writes, Siddhartha practiced severe self-denial and meditation before he could reach Nirvana (state of mind that ends the path of suffering) (8). Siddhartha came to the conclusionRead MoreBuddha And The Founder Of Buddhism1118 Words   |  5 P agesâ€Å"We are shaped by our thoughts; we become what we think. When the mind is pure, joy follows like a shadow that never leaves† This quote from Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha and the founder of Buddhism, is a perfect representation of Buddhist beliefs. Buddhism is a strict religion with various guidelines one must follow. The Buddhists believe that they are each born-again many times and their main goal is to end this cycle of rebirth. One can do so by living each life better than the last,Read MoreEssay on Budism by Huston Smith1605 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism As a college student that has lived and grown up in western New York, I do not have too much experience with the other religions of the world. I have grown up a Christian Protestant my whole life, and I am a firm believer in my religion. Soon after reading the chapter on Buddhism in Huston Smith’s book The World’s Religions, I came to understand and respect the Buddhist religion. I came to learn who the Buddha as a man really was, and the steps he took in becoming a religious icon. IRead More Buddhism Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesSoon after reading the chapter on Buddhism in Huston Smith’s book The World’s Religions, I came to understand and respect the Buddhist religion. I came to learn who the Buddha as a man really was, and the steps he took in becoming a religious icon. I know understand that Buddhism is not all meditation and relaxing. There is a strict code of the four noble truths and the prescription of getting through them called the eightfold path. Much like Christianity Buddhism also has many different views onRead MoreThe Four Ways Of Leting Go Explained By Ajahn Brahm1305 Words   |  6 Pagesplaces and situations a person can achieve contentment. If a person learns to want to be in a certain place or situation they don’t feel happy or comfortable in, they will no longer feel so negatively about it. One of Ajahn Brahm’s examples in his speech about this second way of letting go was mentioned after explaining the difference between how people don’t want to be in a prison and how people do want to be in a monastery. He talked about how some people aren’t satisfied with a job, and that whatRead MoreBuddhism : The Major Religions Of The World926 Words   |  4 Pages After learning about the major religions of the world, Buddhism seems to be the most relevant for someone living in western society. While many religions are considered monotheistic, with an all knowing powerful god to worship, Buddhism doesn’t put one god high up on the altar, in fact the focus in this religion seems to be more spiritual. Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world. It was founded in India over two hundred thousand years ago by Siddhartha Gautama (later known as the

Americ The Land Of The Free - 928 Words

America: The Land of the Free America, â€Å"The Land of the Free,† or so I thought. As an American, I have always believed that everyone has a right to free speech, free thinking, and a life without racism. I thought that I was lucky to be growing up in this century, where slavery had been abolished almost completely and racism on a steady decline. I was beyond proud of all of the accomplishments that our country had made in the past thousands of years; that was until I read â€Å"Whither Now and Why,† by W.E.B DuBois. DuBois was a Negro man, who in this passage described that although Negroes would soon be lawfully equal, they would never be socially or independently equal and forced to assimilate to White American culture (DuBois, W.E.B., 135). DuBois predicted that black identity would be lost if his kind were forced to assimilate to White culture, and compared this assimilation to â€Å"racial suicide† (DuBois, W.E.B., 135) Through this passage, DuBois was n ot only able to describe â€Å"racial suicide† of his culture but helped to open my eyes and see that assimilation is still a huge problem in America today. Throughout his passage, DuBois made a very clear warning toward African Americans that if they were not careful, their race would soon be no more. In assimilating to the white culture, Du Bois believed they would â€Å"cease to be Negroes as such and become white in action if not completely in color† (DuBois, W.E.B., 135) He knew that while his fellow NegroesShow MoreRelatedAmeric The Land Of The Free1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is known as the â€Å"land of the free†. But as most know â€Å"free† always comes with a price. Luckily, the price is worth a lifetime of opportunities and freedoms that other countries will never get to experience. America has immigrants naturalized every year. People from these countries come to America to pursue the â€Å"land of the free† . In fact, in 2014, â€Å"654,949 people were naturalized.†1 America is also known around the world as the country that practices democracy. TheRead MoreAmeric The Land Of The Free1707 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica is often referred as the â€Å"the land of the free.† It’s a nation of diversity because of the open-door policy that has been implanted. The open-door policy accepts any foreigner that is pursuing the American Dream. Every year, thousands of immigrants, illegal and legal, come to the United States. Many immigrants have different reasons why they feel the need to leave their country behind and start a new life elsewhere. Those reasons may be: fleeing from a war, bettering their perspectives, livingRead MoreAmeric The Land Of The Free1879 Words   |  8 Pages They call America â€Å"The land of the Free,† yet its own people experience obstructions to their freedom. Politicians receive the people’s votes and the people’s money, and then they rob these people of their rights. This election is the American citizen’s opportunity to fight. It is his opportunity to fight for himself and his fellow citizens, to fight for justice, to fight for equality, to fight for deliverance from poverty. Now is the time for the American to demand protection from gunsRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Free, And Home1411 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica: land of the free, and home of the brave. People have often traveled long and far to live in a safe, and esteemed environment, when in reality the core values of America change as time goes by. Even though Americans often value individualism, patriotism, nationalism, and individual liberty, history has proven otherwise. Wars, social norms, rights restrictions, expectations and peer pressure have gotten in the way of the values that many believed highlighted America. The saying, ‘history repeatsRead MoreThe Immigration Of Americ The Land Of The Free1611 Words   |  7 Pagesocean in hope of a new life and future in what is known as â₠¬Å"The Land of the Free.† Just like much of the eastern side of the country, the immigration of Europeans to America played a very important role in the history of Michigan as well. It is through these immigrants that the religion, culture, and economics was changed entirely throughout the state of Michigan. Before Europeans came to present day America, Natives populated the land, and had for at least 14,000 years before the Europeans arrivedRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Free And Home1076 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica: Land of the Free and Home of the Dumb ? Michael Moore, author of the essay Idiot Nation, is as anti-Republican as they come and not at all afraid to express his beliefs with overflowing passion. Over the past 20 years, both Moore’s popularity and notoriety have boomed to new heights as a film maker, writer, and social critic. From winning Oscars and Academy Awards for his films and documentaries to co-writing 8 renowned books, Moore has not stopped producing ways of expressing his thoughtsRead MoreAmeric The Free, Land Of The Brave936 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica; home of the free, land of the brave. The only, true, free country in the world. We have fought, died, bled, and sacrificed for the greatness of this country. From the first pilgrim to step on this land to the modern American we strive for the freedoms, liberties, and wealth we have. Foreigners from every part of the world come to this country for a fresh start, a new life, a better life. They fulfill their dreams, gain wealth, and have a better life. ther e is always that one question, howRead MoreAmeric The Land Of The Free, And Full Of Opportunity1277 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is generally a country of immigrants. America is the land of the free, and full of opportunity for every American and others who came from different countries. In Florida, the first arrivals were European, beginning with Spanish explorer ponce de Leon who explored the land in 1513, following French and Spanish settlement during the 16th century. Many Asian Indians struggle as Indian immigrant in America. India is an area with second largest population in the world with 1.2 billion peopleRead MoreThe Issue Of A White Lie1186 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufacture, or sale of military decorations and medals that were not earned. The purpose of the site is to criminalize profiting by falsely claiming to have received a military medal. If anyone falsely claimed to have received a military medal, it could land them in jail. While the act was not upheld in United St ates v. Alvarez, a website was created that publicly provides records of medal recipients. The Stolen Valor Act of 2014 was signed by Barack Obama in 2013 and considers fraudulently claiming toRead MoreHistorical Anyalysis Essay2125 Words   |  9 Pagesparty. These laws angered the colonists and advocated revolution. The Civil war also had multiple causalities starting with the recently acquired territory from the war with Mexico. The issue of slavery arose and the concern for an unequal amount of free and slave states led to the Kansas Nebraska act, fugitive slave act and Bleeding Kansas. Ellis points out that the improbable nature of the American Revolution has become perceived as inevitable today. The revolution could not have occurred if

Sample Autobiography Free Essays

When I sit back and consider the significant events in my past, the important aspects of my current life, and my future goals, the underlying theme is one of appreciating diversity, especially across ethnic and socioeconomic class lines. I was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, the product of a Catholic father with roots in Italy and a Jewish mother of Russian and Austrian ancestry. In my early years of education, the frustration with teachers mispronouncing my last name seemed as though it might never end. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Autobiography or any similar topic only for you Order Now I remember how my father would approach the administrators of my elementary school before Honor Roll ceremonies to be sure they would pronounce it correctly as I walked across the stage for my moment of glory. The terror did not end until the seventh grade when I had my first course in Spanish, at which point my teacher had some experience with â€Å"exotic† names and got â€Å"you-zee-nee† correct on the first try. I believe that I grew more, emotionally, socially, and intellectually, during my four years of high school than during any other period of time thus far. Midwood High School at Brooklyn College attracted students from every part of New York City. Indeed, it provided a rigorous academic environment, and with one college advisor for each graduating class of nearly 700 students, I managed to learn some important lessons about dealing with â€Å"the system. Midwood continues to prepare its students well; it has consistently placed among the top 50 in national rankings of high schools. It was at Midwood that I found my academic strengths and was given the tools to pursue them to the fullest extent possible. Because I was placed in a situation with few of the resources many students had in other better-funded schools, I learned how to make the best of the situation. I began to search for a way to address my own concerns about the racial tensions. Within a few years I would find myself at Texas AM University, bringing another drastic change in my lifestyle and the culture I would have to adapt to. The past few years have been a very enjoyable experience, satisfying all of my intellectual and social needs. I have focused the next few years on developing a solid research program dealing with I have also put forth as much effort as possible in attempting to diversify the future of our profession. social psychological approaches to social issues, especially racial and ethnic relations. How to cite Sample Autobiography, Papers

The Revolutionary United Front free essay sample

Though at first they were popular with Sierra Leoneans, public opinion on them changed when they became violent with their takeover and management of the diamond mines. The rebel group—which recruited children—went on a violent rampage, attacking villages and killing or mutilating anyone who got in their way and others who did not. Thought the Sierra Leone Army attempted to fight back, the situation was made worse by the fact that the SLA could sometimes be just as violent as the RUF. There were also stories of SLA soldiers switching sides, and these stories were only made worse by the fact that RUF soldiers would often wear stolen soldiers uniforms. The NFRC got the EO to fight back against the RUF. Within ten days, they had forced the RUF back from Freetown, and within a month the diamond mines had been cleared of RUF soldiers. By 1996, the force of the RUF was severely damaged since they had been forced away from the diamond mines that had funded their fight. We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolutionary United Front or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After continuing EO attacks, the RUF announced a cease-fire and sought peace talks. That November, Foday Sankoh signed a peace agreement, and President Kabbah agreed to the expulsion of the EO within five weeks of the agreement. The RUF were given acknowledgement as a political party, and they were absolved from their war crimes. However, the RUF attacks began once more after EO forces were removed, leaving the government exposed. A jail break freed Major Johnny Paul Koroma, who started the AFRC and took over the government, joining forces with the RUF. This period of rule was characterized by the complete breakdown of law and order and the collapse of the economy. However, in 1998, ECOMOG forced AFRC/RUF out of Freetown in a fierce battle, leading to the restoration of President Kabbah to office. Though Kabbah tried to demobilize the AFRC/RUF, they continued their rampage across the country throughout the conviction of key players, including Foday Sankoh. However, the Lome Peace Agreement was eventually signed by both Sankoh and Kabbah. Both parties issued a Declaration of the End of the War on January 18, 2002, leading to the complete disarmament and demobilization of the RUF.

Ch 6 Test Flashcard

Ch 6 Test

Measuring tools Essays

Measuring tools Essays Measuring tools Essay Measuring tools Essay Either the aim or objective and the type of quantitative approach was clearly stated within the abstract or summary of all the papers. Identification of the purpose and type of research at the beginning of the paper has several immediate advantages and limitations. From a nursing perspective, it is possible to determine if the research is relevant to patients in a particular care setting. However, as McCaughan (1999) points out, subtle differences may only be apparent with further exploration of the study. Secondly, clarity of purpose suggests a well-planned study that will deliver valid and useful data. Thompson (1999) concurs with this view and suggests that without a clear statement of aims the reader is unable to determine whether the research achieves its objectives or not. Furthermore, with unclear aims, there could be a tendency towards data-trawling, which may result in providing spurious results. Although I agree with the views of Thompson (1999) and McCaughan (1999), I believe there can be concerns with stating the type of method used in conducting the research. For instance, there could be a tendency to accept the design at face value or for it to bias the critical analysis of the study. Lais (1998), study is described as a prospective, nonrandomised study. According to Woods and Catanzario (1988), a prospective design aims to observe a sample on at least two occasions over a period of time, the aim being to reduce the likelihood of bias in reporting the relationship between the cause and effect. Whereas Lais (1998) study consisted of gathering information for a period of one month and could therefore be called prospective, it is not clear whether all the criteria for a true prospective design were applied or not. However, this is not to say that the research findings themselves would not be valid and reliable. Rather that even though there is a clear statement of the type of research, care must be taken that it does not influence personal judgement or the analysis of the study. Having determined that initially, the information given in the abstract of a study can have advantages and limitations, the next point will briefly consider the value of including or excluding a literature review within the study. LITERATURE REVIEW None of the studies reviewed in this assignment contained a literature review. However, there is some evidence that previous studies had been used to inform the investigations. Homer (1998) refers to previous studies within the methodology section and again in the discussion. The studies referred to are included in the reference list. Although the material in the reference list is relevant to the topic it only contains references for seven previous studies. Similarly, Lai (1998) cites previous studies within the discussion. Again the reference list only contains a few references. On the other hand, Curran et als (2000) study incorporates references to numerous previous work throughout the text. The value of including a literature review in a quantitative study is that it enables the research problem to be put into context or to identify gaps and weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify the current investigation. Also as Carnwell and Daly (2001) discuss it is valuable in demonstrating insight into the current state of knowledge within the relevant field. However, the exclusion of a literature review does not necessarily mean that the researchers did not undertake one. On the other hand, exclusion makes it difficult to determine the reason for undertaking the studies. For example, although, it appears that Lais (1998) study may have been carried out, at least in part, to support a cost saving initiative within his medical centre, none of the referenced material concerns this issue.  However, there is a common understanding throughout the studies regarding the nature of the topic being investigated. In particular, all of the papers acknowledge that peripheral venous cannulae are associated with the development of phlebitis. THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Although none of papers (Curran et al 2000, Homer 1998, Lai 1998) identify a theoretical or conceptual framework that guided the research, there is allusion to the principles of some of the theories. For example, Curran (2000) discusses two causes of phlebitis, insertion site infection and physiochemical reactions. Similarly, Lai (1998) refers to infusion-related phlebitis and sepsis. On the other hand, Homer does not appear to refer to any theoretical framework in his study. In conclusion, it does not seem that theoretical models had a major influence on the studies. DEFINITIONS OF PHLEBITIS The studies have all identified phlebitis by using clinical indicators and severity rating scales. However, there does not appear to be common indicators or scales to identify the severity of phlebitis. For example, Lai (1998) has defined phlebitis as a palpable cord or at least two of the following, tenderness, warmth, erythema and induration. There is no particular reference as to the origin of the definition, although it appears to have been adapted from the inflammation scale used by the IV team within the hospital where the study took place. Similarly, the origin of the inflammation scale is not reported. According to Lais (1998) definition, phlebitis would be given a score of 3 or 4. Homer (1998) also defines phlebitis by clinical categorisation and allocating scores. However, the categories and scoring are different to those used by Lai (1998). Using Homers (1998) definition would give phlebitis a score between 2 and 4. Homers (1998) scale is not referenced but a significant difference from the one used by Lai (1998) is the exclusion of induration as a clinical indicator. Curran et al (2000) referred to the existing literature for indications of phlebitis. The eventual approach adopted contained two categories, erythema equal to or extending more than 3cm from the insertion site and/or purulent discharge with either or both being given a rating of 2 if present. Curran (2000) reports that this scale had been used in previous studies and includes references within the text, but does not offer any further information. However, there is no discussion as to any previous validation process that may have been used. As we have seen, phlebitis has been categorised and classified in different ways by different authors unique to their own study. Previous studies may have guided some of the categorisation. For example, Homer (1998) refers to the classification of phlebitis by Maki and Ringer (1991 cited in Homer 1998 p5) and Tager(1983 cited in Homer 1998 p5) but develops his own scale for classifying phlebitis. As a result, there appears to be no consensus of opinion regarding the rating and definition of phlebitis between the studies under review.  As well as impacting on the accuracy of assessing and identifying severity of phlebitis, the lack of a common assessment tool for defining and measuring phlebitis may impact on the generalisability of the research. Campbell (1998) suggests that the use of a uniform scale that measures the degree of phlebitis is also beneficial in providing criteria for standardising documentation. ACCURACY, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE ASSESSMENT TOOL Each of the studies used clinical indicators and a rating scale to determine and measure the severity of phlebitis. The strength and appropriateness of this type of measuring tool has been demonstrated in other quantitative studies within the same field. (Dinley 1976, Maddox and Rush 1977, Baxter Healthcare Ltd. 1988 cited in Campbell 1998 p 1311) However, there are limitations and weaknesses with the tools used in the studies under review. None of the researchers have discussed how validity and reliability was assessed. Although both Lai (1998) and Homer (1998) have used tools that do not appear to have been used in previous situations, there is no report on a pilot study being carried out prior to the main study. Lais (1998) measurement tool has a number of limitations. Within the study Lai (1998) reports that the intravenous site was monitored according to a well-defined inflammation scale and has published the indicators and rating for the inflammation scale in the study. However, the tool that Lai used to obtain the data on phlebitis in his study was not the reported inflammation scale. Lai (1998) appears to have used elements of the inflammation scale and designed a scale that has some differences from the inflammation scale that he reported was used. The inflammation scale uses pain and swelling as clinical indicators but in the scale that was used in the study swelling has been excluded and pain has reduced to tenderness. Another point of concern is the implication that the severity of phlebitis could be measured on a scale designed to measure the presence and severity of inflammation. This may lead to confusion between rating phlebitis and inflammation. In other words, it is not certain that the tool actually used measured what it was supposed to measure. Homer (1998) referred to other studies before adopting a different set of clinical indicators in his scale that he reports as being more rigorous than Maki and Ringers (1991 cited in Homer 1998 p5) scale but less so than Tagers (1983 cited in Homer 1998 p5). However, there does not appear to be any reference to testing validity of the scale. A point of accuracy concerns the use of the scale for measuring infiltration as well as phlebitis. Although, the measuring of infiltration is not mentioned in the discussion section, the methods section gives the grading of infiltration as 1-3. The grading on the scale for phlebitis is 2-4. According to Homer (1998), the majority of the incidences of phlebitis were graded at 2. Consequently, phlebitis and infiltration were both graded as 2 using the same clinical indicators. Again, this raises the point of whether the scale measured what it was supposed to measure. The strength of Curran et als (2000) measurement tool lies in the fact that it had been used in other studies. However, there is no discussion as to the validity or reliability of the tool. It is also unclear as to whether Curran et al (2000) carried out a pilot study or not. There is a reference in the paper to collecting data on forty catheters, which is not the total number of the whole data collection. However, although analysis was carried out on the data collected from this, there is no further discussion. In summary, there appears to be serious weakness and limitations with the accuracy of the measuring tools. Validity and reliability appear not to have been tested. As McCaughan (1999) points out, if measuring tools are not valid then neither are study findings. Error due to the measuring technique used, the instrument itself or the person doing the measuring may affect reliability. Therefore, the next point will consider the issue of interrater reliability.

The Cabinet of Dr Caligary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Cabinet of Dr Caligary - Essay Example 72). The film seems to equally represent the disturbed German psyche and act as prescient element of the later Nazi regime. While there are clear links between the film and the mind, many prominent film theories conflict such a depiction. This essay examines how the Cabinet of Dr. Caligari complicates Munsterberg's the Photoplay and his discussion on attention, and Eisenstein's essays on Film Form through the physical depiction of the mind. Analysis Munsterberg’s theory of attention as articulated in the Photoplay considers the nature of film meaning in terms of viewer attention. In this context of understanding, he notes â€Å"Of all internal functions which create the meaning of the world around us, the most central is the attention. The chaos of the surrounding impressions is organized into a real cosmos of experience by our selection of that which is significant and of consequence† (Munsterberg). Here Munsterberg is indicating that rather than more subtle aspects of film expression, meaning is largely a factor of the viewer’s attention. When one considers such a theory in terms of Caligari there are a number of considerations. After the initial scene with Francis in the asylum the film opens onto the highly stylized Expressionist ‘mountains’ of the town featured in Francis’ story. The German Expressionist scenery is interesting to consider as it challenges the distinguishing features Munsterberg’s theory of attention. While the director incorporates the mountain backdrop as a functional element of setting, its distorted German Expressionist influence, while not constituting the main focus of attention, nevertheless greatly affects the meaning and tone of the scene. For instance, while it clearly exhibits a denotative aspect – mountain cutouts clearly denote mountains – one can also make the case that the mountain scenery is an entirely symbolic manifestation of Francis’ distorted paradigm. While for Munsterberg film meaning is largely linked to the viewer’s attention, Soviet theorist and director Sergei Eisenstein places the primary emphasis on montage. Eistenstein writes â€Å"Shot and montage are the basic elements of cinema. Montage has been established by the Soviet film as the nerve of cinema. To determine the nature of montage is to solve the specific problem of cinema† (Einstentein, p. 3). Even as such a perspective in terms of the highly experimental Russian cinema holds true, this view is complicated when applied to German Expressionist cinema. One considers that in Caligari it is not montage, but symbolism and scenery that greatly rely meaning. After Alan dies, Francis goes to the police. The mise-en-scene displays a large, winding staircase he must climb to speak with the officers who are positioned on extremely high-chairs. This is also echoed in the giant chair found in Alan’s apartment, expressionistically representing the overarchi ng authority that looks down on the characters. When examining the authoritarian function of the chair, one might argued for the interpretation of the cultural object in terms of the hierarchical power structures that are inherent in society. The majority of the investigation is left to Francis who must relay to Jane the horrible news of Alan’